CompanyGraph
Supply Chain
Air Cargo Supply Chain
Air cargo is governed by three structural constraints that define the narrowest freight market in global logistics: payload-range tradeoff means aircraft physics limit how much weight can travel how far, belly cargo dependency means most air freight rides in passenger aircraft whose capacity follows airline scheduling and passenger demand rather than freight needs, and speed premium economics means air freight costs 5-10x more than sea freight, restricting the market to goods where time value exceeds transport cost.
Container Shipping Supply Chain
Container shipping is governed by three structural constraints that shape global trade: port infrastructure determines where goods can physically enter and exit economies, vessel capital commitment locks capacity decisions into quarter-century horizons, and network economics forces routes into hub-and-spoke concentration patterns where only sufficient cargo density justifies service.
Rail Freight Supply Chain
Rail freight is governed by three structural constraints that shape how bulk goods move across continents: infrastructure fixity locks the network into a topology set decades or centuries ago that cannot be quickly changed, shared network congestion forces freight and passenger trains onto the same tracks where scheduling conflicts systematically deprioritize cargo, and the last-mile gap means rail can move goods efficiently between terminals but cannot deliver to final destinations — requiring intermodal transfer to trucks at each end, adding cost and time at every transition.