CompanyGraph
Records the value of tangible operational assets, exposing the physical capital base the company depends on to produce and deliver its goods or services.
Property, plant and equipment (PP&E) are tangible long-term assets used in operations. They are recorded at cost and depreciated over their useful life.
Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E), also called fixed assets or tangible assets, represents long-term physical assets used in business operations. These assets—including land, buildings, machinery, vehicles, and furniture—are expected to provide economic benefits for more than one year and are depreciated over their useful lives (except for land, which is not depreciated).
Common PP&E components:
- Land: Real property (not depreciated)
- Buildings: Factories, offices, warehouses
- Machinery and equipment: Production and manufacturing equipment
- Vehicles: Trucks, cars, forklifts
- Furniture and fixtures: Office furniture, store fixtures
- Leasehold improvements: Modifications to leased property
- Construction in progress: Assets being built but not yet in service
Balance sheet presentation:
PP&E, net = Gross PP&E - Accumulated Depreciation
Why PP&E matters:
- Productive capacity: Physical assets generate revenue
- Capital intensity: High PP&E indicates asset-heavy business model
- Investment requirements: PP&E must be maintained and eventually replaced
- Collateral value: Physical assets can secure debt financing
Analysing PP&E:
- PP&E as % of assets: Indicates capital intensity
- PP&E turnover: Revenue / Net PP&E; efficiency of asset utilisation
- Average age: Accumulated Depreciation / Annual Depreciation
- CapEx vs. depreciation: Shows investment rate in assets
Capital expenditure relationship:
- CapEx > Depreciation: PP&E base growing; investing for growth
- CapEx ≈ Depreciation: Maintaining current capacity
- CapEx < Depreciation: PP&E base shrinking; potential underinvestment
Industry variations:
- Utilities: Very high PP&E; infrastructure-intensive
- Manufacturing: High PP&E; production equipment
- Retail: Moderate PP&E; stores and distribution
- Software: Low PP&E; asset-light model
Important considerations:
- Book vs. market value: Historical cost may differ significantly from current value
- Impairment: Assets may require write-downs if value is impaired
- Operating leases: Some "PP&E" may be leased rather than owned
- Maintenance requirements: Aging assets require increasing upkeep
Track PP&E trends alongside capital expenditure and depreciation to assess whether the company is adequately investing in its physical asset base to maintain competitiveness.