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Adjusts earnings per share for all potential dilution from convertible instruments, exposing the minimum per-share claim on profits if all options and conversions exercised.
Diluted EPS is net income per share, assuming all options and other potential shares are converted. It shows how much profit is available per share on a fully diluted basis.
Diluted earnings per share represents net income divided by the total potential shares that could be outstanding if all convertible securities, stock options, warrants, and other dilutive instruments were exercised or converted. This conservative measure shows the "worst case" earnings per share if all dilution occurs, and is the standard EPS figure used in most financial analysis and valuation.
The calculation:
Diluted EPS = (Net Income - Preferred Dividends + Convertible Adjustments) /
(Weighted Average Shares + Dilutive Securities)
Dilutive securities included:
- Stock options: Options "in the money" (exercise price below market)
- Restricted stock units: Unvested shares that will eventually vest
- Convertible bonds: Debt that can convert to common stock
- Convertible preferred: Preferred shares convertible to common
- Warrants: Rights to purchase shares at specified prices
Treasury stock method for options:
Dilutive shares = Options outstanding - (Option proceeds / Stock price) Example: 10M options at $20 strike, $40 stock price Dilutive shares = 10M - (10M × $20 / $40) = 5M additional shares
Why diluted EPS matters:
- Conservative view: Accounts for all potential equity claims
- Standard metric: Used for P/E ratios and most valuation analysis
- Dilution awareness: Shows impact of stock-based compensation
- Comparability: Levels the playing field across capital structures
Basic to diluted EPS gap:
- 1-3% difference: Minimal dilution
- 3-7% difference: Moderate dilution; typical for many companies
- 7-15% difference: Significant dilution; common in tech
- > 15% difference: Heavy dilution; investigate stock compensation
Anti-dilution rule:
Securities are only included if they would reduce (dilute) EPS. Out-of-the-money options and antidilutive convertibles are excluded from the calculation.
Analysing diluted EPS:
- Trend analysis: Is diluted EPS growing over time?
- Share count trend: Is dilution being offset by buybacks?
- Quality of growth: Revenue-driven vs. financial engineering
Use diluted EPS for all earnings-based valuation and comparison. Basic EPS overstates per-share earnings by ignoring real equity claims that will likely be exercised over time.